Core Topics
1. Pseudocode & Fundamentals
Variables store data values used in programs
Assignment gives a value to a variable using = or ←
Input/output allows user interaction (Console, USERINPUT)
2. Data Types & Operators
Data types include integer, Boolean, real, character
Relational operators compare values (>, <, =)
Logical operators AND, OR, NOT combine conditions
3. Selection
IF, ELSEIF, ELSE control decisions in programs
Conditions evaluate to TRUE or FALSE
Nested selection allows complex decision making
4. Iteration
FOR loops repeat a fixed number of times
WHILE loops repeat until a condition becomes false
Loop counters control repetition
5. Arrays & Structures
Arrays store multiple values under one variable
Indexing starts at 0 in most languages
2D arrays represent grids like puzzles
6. Strings
LEN finds string length
POSITION finds character location
Strings can be combined or split
7. Algorithms
Algorithms are step-by-step problem solutions
Must be logical and precise
Often written in pseudocode
8. Subroutines
Reusable blocks of code (functions)
Take parameters and return values
Help organise programs
9. Random Numbers
Random.Next generates random values
Used in games and simulations
Range is inclusive start, exclusive end
10. Testing
Validation checks correct input
Boundary testing checks edge cases
Test plans compare expected vs actual output
11. Computational Thinking
Abstraction removes unnecessary detail
Decomposition breaks problems into parts
Improves problem solving
12. Tracing
Tracing follows execution step-by-step
Tracks variable values over time
Used to predict outputs
13. Records
Records group related data together
Contain fields like name, price
Used to model real-world objects
14. Searching
Linear search checks each item one by one
Works on unsorted data
Stops when item is found
15. Program Design
Combines loops, arrays, and selection
Used in games, login systems, calculations
Focuses on solving real problems
16. Logic
Conditions return TRUE or FALSE
Multiple conditions can be combined
Controls program flow